Short Article Reveals the Undeniable Facts About World War Ii Essay Topics and How It Can Affect You

Short Article Reveals the Undeniable Facts About World War Ii Essay Topics and How It Can Affect You Recycling and the way that it can save our planet. The major objective is to describe various organizational patterns. The others are a part of the visual pollution issue. The importance of lessening your carbon footprint. The third source of world war II was the growth of Fascism. Cybercrime and ways it's causing problems in today's world. The impacts of childhood obesity. Contemplating the impacts of the civil war. The last cause of world war II was an immediate result from each of the prior causes, and that's the rearmament of all of the European powers. Any sphere and degree of complexity is going to be handled successfully. Some proved to be immune to the impacts of the mind control devices, and little resistance pockets started to form in many cities. Don't forget to choose objects belonging to a single sphere. This time you've got to compose a World War II essa y. Whatever the case, it ought to be simple to admit this book is among the finest works of history about World War II. World War II is among the most significant and most terrible events of the human history, therefore it's very likely that you ought to compose an academic paper linked to this time period in your history class. Project Look Sharp takes a free registration. When Germany tried to invigorate the economy by issuing tax refunds the Weimer Republic said it wasn't a great idea. There was a good deal of propaganda for World War II in the usa, therefore it would be interesting to find out how the individuals of Milwaukee viewed the United States enemy. The USA came from the war significantly strengthened. Today, the USA continues to play the function of international benefactor, whether their help is needed, interfering in domestic policies of lots of states and nations. In an academic setting, but the paper ought to be formatted and organized based on the correspo nding standards without the usage of informal languages like slang or jargon. Welcome to continue in touch by means of your paper writer controlling everything. But because of the absence of communication between the united states and Europe, New York emerged as a style leader with new designs based on a mix of femininity and practicality. For instance, families were given coupons to buy sugar dependent on the size of their families. New Questions About World War Ii Essay Topics So as to increase your writing skills, you can invite an expert tutor to supply you with personal lessons. These questions should elicit family stories that are going to be helpful for you. If you've got older school friends, you might ask them for advice on ways to compose your history paper. If you don't have enough time to read the entire book, you could pick out a few different stories about various people from the Milwaukee area which you could have the students conduct a little extra research o n. The Key to Successful World War Ii Essay Topics Such sentiments necessitated an ideological campaign along with the standard military work. To make a high score you are needed to cite key parts of evidence from the documents and draw on your understanding of the period. You might also be eligible for disability compensation benefits if you've got certain cancers as a consequence of exposure to ionizing radiation during military support. You might also be eligible for disability compensation benefits if you've got certain cancers as a consequence of your participation in a radiation-risk activity during military support. Rationing would deeply impact the American means of life for most. Americans were requested to conserve on everything. To begin with, go through the fundamentals. The advantages and disadvantages of giving blood. Choosing World War Ii Essay Topics Writing a great essay might be a bit of cake if you're feeling inspired. This excerpt is indicative of th e full book. This informative article is a short description on sample topics that may guide you when you're rushing for writing your next academic essay. The list below is only an overview of the books I happened to read on the topic. If you still struggle to find something which you are able to write about, you always have the option to consider our professional speedy essay writing service. Enable the professional academic writers help to your informative paper! Other sources are referenced for additional reading. Look through actual topics that have an opportunity to hook your readers' interest. Just choose things that truly matter and begin writing following a particular structure format. The upcoming few sections are devoted to the cause and effect essay topics list and methods to select the very best idea. It can be hard to think of a topic off the surface of your head. A student has to learn a great deal of rules to develop a great academic assignment of the type and deliver the target message. Each time he works on another body paragraph, it is a good idea to mention the main section's idea on the separate paper to write a conclusion faster. You'll also make use of what you know to produce predictions for each group. Then it's time for the conclusion. For each and every action, there's a reaction, and even though the reaction wasn't a favorable one, a lesson has to be learned from it. The absolute most interesting music events on the planet.

What Are Bad Topics to Write About in a College Essay?

What Are Bad Topics to Write About in a College Essay?While writing your college essay, you might want to consider the worst topics to write about. Some people write essays about their favorite animals, food or TV shows. While these may be 'bad' topics to write about, they certainly will not be of much help in completing your college essay.Writing a college-level essay should be about the topics that you feel most knowledgeable about. The first step is to start learning about the topic that you wish to write about. Spend some time researching the topic. Take notes, talk to people about it and find out as much as you can.Next, it is time to choose the topic. You can start by choosing a topic that interests you. This is one of the most important steps. Decide what you wish to write about it.Once you have chosen the topic, you can begin writing about it. Make sure you are prepared for the topics that you may be asked to write about.Many people make the mistake of not researching the top ics that they have chosen for their essay topics. They simply find whatever topic seems popular and they throw in anything and everything that they wish to write about. This is something that is not acceptable to do. Research is a great way to ensure that your essay does not lack the necessary detail.You may also decide to include lists of 'what are bad topics to write about?' while doing research. This is not a good idea because many of the topics you list might be the topics that the person will be asked to write about. Instead, find topics that you feel are the best way to write about them.After you have done your research and picked the topic, make sure you research all of the information on the topic. This will help ensure that you will be able to cover all the bases on the topic. Research is the key to the process of completing a good college essay. Without adequate research, you may end up not completing the entire assignment.While writing your college essay, you may want to consider the topics that you have researched. These may include the topics that you find interesting. It will help to write about these topics when writing your college essay so that you are familiar with the topic and you are well aware of what is possible to write about.

Find Out Who is Concerned About Isaac Newton Essay Topics and Why You Should Listen to Them

Find Out Who is Concerned About Isaac Newton Essay Topics and Why You Should Listen to Them To begin writing your assignment you would want to encounter an interesting and promising topic. The revisions are unquestionably free! If you discover that the writer did not provide just what you expected, request a revision, and we'll make the corrections. You can also get in touch with your writer to supply some added recommendations or request information regarding the order's progress. Calculus Calculus is just one of the first discoveries o f Isaac Newton. Newton helped in the invention of symbols that are employed in algebra as a consequence of his urge to explain nature by employing numerical figures (Rickey and Frederick pp 247). Geometry contributes to deep comprehension of mathematics concepts that are linked to distinct shapes. Academic papers can't contain any signals of plagiarism. For such an accountable sort of paper, we'll select simply the very best writer with a Ph.D. degree. The essay isn't the simplest task to master. The most frequently encountered paper writing service that the majority of our clients require is essay writing. If you've already graduated from college or university and are trying to find a fantastic job, you will need to get a persuasive resume to impress your future employer. Choosing our service, you are going to understand that studying can be simple if you gain from the help of capable experts. Normally, it takes as much as two hours of time to comb through dozens of sites until you discover something exciting to write about. After discovering our website, you will no longer will need to bother friends and family with these kinds of requests. Thus a significant object would lead to a huge hole and more compact objects would orbit it. This also has an immediate connection to the calculations in real-life shapes like in the area of architecture and engineering. This procedure of discovering the tangent at an y certain point is basically the procedure for getting the derivative differentiation (Iliffe, 25). At first, just a few individuals could comprehend the Principia when it was initially published. You should have your reasons, and our primary concern is that you find yourself getting an excellent grade. It is intriguing to remember that in either instance, Newton's or Einstein's law, both end up being true in the typical world. At age three Isaac's life would have a drastic turn. The New Fuss About Isaac Newton Essay Topics You have to be proficient in the topic, have an overall idea about the chosen issue and figure out how to get the best arguments to show your thesis. Nevertheless, the actual situation doesn't leave much to look forward. The third states that there's an opposite and equal reaction for every single action. For the matter, despite the fact that it was a treatise on planetary dynamics, it didn't contain any of the 3 Newtonian laws of motion. By quantifyin g the idea of force, the second law completed the specific quantitative mechanics that has become the paradigm of pure science ever since. The Demise of Isaac Newton Essay Topics He showed that sunlight is composed of all the colours of the rainbow. Alongside the topics, you'd come across loads of papers at no cost. Provide all the first details, let us know about the deadline, and we'll begin making your paper to assist you in getting high grades. This is the best way you are able to prepare your very own unique academic paper and score the grades you have earned. As soon as you inform us about all of the paper information, we'll begin searching for an ideal writer for your paper. Without his discoveries, we'd have a great deal of unanswered questions. To conclude, Sir Issac Newton was among the best scientists in history. If you've been ill, your professor may provide you with a small time to recover, but they're typically very unforgiving. He's thought of as one of the b est scientists in history. He was considered among the best scientists in history. The Tried and True Method for Isaac Newton Essay Topics in Step by Step Detail Completely free Isaac Newton essay samples can be found FreeEssayHelp with no payment or registration. We will help you with any kind of essay you've got and compose an outstanding paper which will bring you a high grade. Nowadays it is quite difficult to locate a trustworthy essay writing service. Even in the event the deadline is very tight, feel free to get hold of our managers. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about a coming deadline. It's an assignment about scratch. Anyone who understand how to use scratch can achieve this homework. Moreover, they just attempted to give a solution for certain troubles, not the overall case (Christianson, 36). Understanding Isaac Newton Essay Topics We'll manage them, and for a sensible price, as we understand that students generally don't have lots of money to spare. If you've always experienced difficulties with such an assignment or couldn't find relevant data to give solid arguments, our experts are at your services. Tell our experts what kind of homework help on the internet you want to get. Whispered Isaac Newton Essay Topics Secrets They'd also play a role in producing the mathematic field called calculus. It is a fact that the second law might be utilized to analyze motion without needing to use calculus. Thus he created the very first portion of the equation. The previous part is essential. Simpler as it could be, it's much less elegant as the differential type of the second law. Life, Death, and Isaac Newton Essay Topics Newton withdrew from public discussion for around a decade. Ever since then it's been ranked among humanity's best achievements in abstract thought. Our crew of writers who provide this kind of assistance will be happy to earn a job-winning resume for you. To guarantee that you will discover a c omplete answer to every question, we've got a support team that is always online. Discuss Newton's function in the organization.

Application Essay Sample For College - How to Write an Essay Thats Perfect

Application Essay Sample For College - How to Write an Essay That's PerfectIf you want to know how to write an application essay, then read on! If you can't remember everything that you read, or if you need to write a short essay, you need to be aware of some things about writing a great essay.Before you start writing, you need to decide what kind of essay you want to write. Do you want to cover the common areas such as Humanities, Social Sciences, or Business? Or, do you want to write about something completely different?If you are planning to take an English course, then you can choose a topic that is related to the class. If you're taking an online course, you might consider writing an essay about something that's entirely different, or you might want to write an essay about something related to the class you're taking.Once you've decided what topic you want to cover, you should get to work. You'll need to write a summary of your entire experience. This is the bulk of your essay, and will be the main focus of your essay. It should be short and focused, not something overly long or intricate.Don't write a sample application essay and throw it in a pile. It's going to seem tacky if you're writing it off of a random idea that popped into your head, and you don't have an actual application to base your essay on. Plus, this article isn't for you.Find a topic that you want to write about. Make sure you write the first paragraph of your essay, so that you'll have something to fall back on in case something doesn't come up in the middle of your paper. Do your research and see what other students are writing about in the same area of interest. This will help you figure out what topics to cover, and you won't have any questions about them in the middle of your paper.When you're applying to college, you should always have an idea of what you want to say, and what you expect to get out of the college you're applying to. It's your essay, and you should always have a purp ose for it. Use this article as a guide to writing an application essay.

Q-Cash a New Era in Banking Essay Example

Q-Cash: a New Era in Banking Essay Q-CASH: A NEW ERA IN BANKING September 1, 2004 Mr. NEHAL MAHTAB Assistant Professor Department of Finance And Banking University of Dhaka Dear Sir, We are very glad to submit you the report on â€Å"Q-cash: A New Era In Banking†. We would like to say that this assignment was very helpful for us to know about the definition of Q-cash, working method of Q-cash card and ATM machine, parts of ATM, online and offline relationship and other important facts about Q- cash system. We have submitted our report to you for your kind review consideration. We made this report with our sincerity and serious effort. We will be honored to provide you any additional information if necessary. Sincerely yours, Abu Naser Sabbir Ahmed Faisal Ibne Shahajat Reaz Hassan Awwal Md. Shariful Alam B. B. A 10th Batch Department Of Finance and Banking University Of Dhaka. Table of contents 1. 0 Introduction: 1. 1 purposes1 1. 2 scopes1 1. 3 limitations1 1. 4 procedures of gathering data and sources1 1. 5 general plan of the report2 2. 0 Q-cash: A New Era In Banking 2. 1 Q-cash card3 2. 1. 1 what is q-cash card 3 . 1. 2 Key feature of card4 2. 1. 3 Facilities of Q-cash card4 2. 1. 4 Difference of q-cash card and other cards5 2. 2 ATM 2. 2. 1 what is ATM5 2. 2. 2 Invention of ATM5 2. 2. 3 Features and parts of ATM6 2. 2. 3. 1 Input device6 2. 2. 3. 2 Output of device6 3. 0 Q-cash: How the system works 3. 1 A brief overview of the Q-cash consortium (consortium, ATM network clients)8 3. 2 About ITC9 3. 3 Network system of q-cash9 3. 3. 1 offline10 3. 3. 2 online10 3. 3. 2. 1 Techniques of the online relationship followed by ITC11 3. 3. 2. Automated clearing house (ACH)11 3. 4 Security12 3. 5 Feature planning13 4. 0 Conclusion:14 Appendix Definition of terms 14 Bibliography15 1. 0 Introduction: 1. 1 Problem and purpose The objective of this study is to have some practical experience about computer application used in business sector. Though we had some textbook knowledge about how the computer application is used in banking sector, but never had any real life practice what so ever. So, to achieve the objective we had some research about the technology of Q-Cash ATM network and the facilities it brought into. We will write a custom essay sample on Q-Cash: a New Era in Banking specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Q-Cash: a New Era in Banking specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Q-Cash: a New Era in Banking specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It will certainly help to improve our knowledge about how the computer technology is used in business. 1. 2 Scope The report will focus on the Q-Cash ATM network that is shared by the ten banks, the ATM machine, the Q-Cash card, how Q-Cash card and ATM machine work together, facilities of Q-Cash card, security system of Q-Cash card etc. the utilities of the system is mainly described under the current Bangladeshi prospective. It has less emphasize on the complicated architecture of the ATM machine. Its prospects and future planning in Bangladesh is also outlined in the report. . 3 Limitations While preparing the report, we faced some problem. The main problem was time constraint. Though our course teacher instructed us to prepare a report couple of months earlier, we could not start preparing because of summer vacation. After that we had the flood problem and some unwanted political problem. That is why we had real trouble in work together and collect data from sources. Another probl em was the data insufficiency. For that we had to use so many sources to get the proper information. 1. 4 Sources and methods of collecting information We have collected our data mostly from journals and Internet. But they were not enough. So, we have visited ITCL (it consultants limited) to observe their system by us and taken some interview of people related to the system. 1. 5 General plan of the report In the following pages, the discussion will give an over all view of Q-Cash ATM network in Bangladesh. Firstly, comes with the name of the ten banks that are using the Q-Cash ATM network, definition of Q-Cash, then the introduction of Q-Cash card, key features of it, facilities of using it and the related discussions about it are given. Then there are some discussions about the ATM machine; features and parts of it are given. Later, the discussions of the system such as how the Q-Cash card and ATM work together, the networking system, online offline relationship are included. It also includes the security features, future prospects of Q-Cash card. 2. 0 Q-cash: A New Era In Banking 2. 1 Q-cash card 2. 1. 1 what is Q-cash card Q-Cash card is a â€Å"Smart Card†, which is a combination of a plastic card having both microprocessor chip and a magnetic stripe. The smartness of this card will ensure that it is capable of working both â€Å"offline† and â€Å"online† thus making it a perfect case for using in Bangladesh where online connectivity cannot be guaranteed due to poor telecommunication. The Q-Cash card is more than just an ATM card. It can be used as a combination of debit and credit facility. More importantly, Q-Cash card contains a microchip that allows storing money as well as transactions and accounting information within transforming the way you do your banking. The Q-Cash card network offers all your banning requirements without ever setting foot in a bank. Its more than just an ATM service for quick withdrawals or account enquiries. With the unique Point of Sale (POS) terminals, situated in shops, restaurants and other service centres around the city, you can use your Q-Cash card to pay for goods and serves by debiting or by credit your account directly. Since your q-cash card can store account information microchip, ATM and POS services can be accessed without the need for online authorisation from your bank. The card can also act as a credit card (if approved by the bank) and can be affiliated with VISA, MASTERCARD etc. What is Smart Card Smart Card is one of the latest additions to the world of information technology. Similar in size to todays plastic payment card, the smart card has a microprocessor or memory chip embedded in it. The chip stores electronic data and programs that are protected by advanced security features. When coupled with a reader, the smart card has the processing power to serve many different applications. As an access-control device, smart cards make personal and business data available only to the appropriate users. Another application provides users with the ability to make a purchase or exchange value. Smart cards provide data portability, security and convenience. There are different types of security mechanisms used in smart cards. Those necessary for a memory-only card are less sophisticated than those for a microprocessor card. Access to the information contained in a smart card is controlled two ways: ? Who can access the information (everybody, the card holder or a specific third party). ? How can the information be accessed (read only, added to, modified or erased). 2. 1. 2 Key feature of the Q-cash Smart card ? It is an ICC (integrated circuit chip). It has a chip of 8 pins. This chip consists of operating system, processor, ROM and RAM . It also has a memory of 16kb. Meets EMV specifications and ISO 9001 Standards. Performs both online and offline transactions. Compatible with Subscriber Identification Module [SIM] like mobile phone. Compatible with Security Access Module (SAM) to help safeguard sensitive customer information and help support multiple smart card schemes. Supports memory/microprocessor smart cards and magnetic stripe cards in the same plastic. EMV Compatibility Over the past few years, there has been tremendous growth in the number of solutions developed for smart cards. To address this growth, three of the leading card associates- Euro Pay, MasterCard and Visa has collaborated to develop and publish EMV specifications for smart card based debit and credit applications. These standards provide numerous benefits for acquire and issuers, including improved security to reduce fraud and lower telecommunications costs. 2. 1. 3 Facilities of Q-cash card Q-Cash card has the facilitates of Credit and Debit transactions all in a single card and also gives the following accesses: ? Cash Deposit ? Debit Transaction ? Cash Withdrawal ? Credit Transaction ? Fund Transfer ? Account Information Customer Account Statement ? Smart Card Loading ? Balance Inquiry ? Online Offline ? Mini Statement ? 24 Hours Banking ? Chequebook Request ? Internet Banking ? Pin Change ? Any Time Anywhere Banking ? Utility Bill Payment 2. 1. 4 Difference of Q-cash card and credit card Q-cash card take funds directly from the money that is in the bank account of the cardholder. For this r eason we don’t have to pay any interest to the bank. With a Q-cash card, dont have to carry cash or checks, and it is very convenient to shop at a variety of places including gas stations, grocery stores, restaurants, and retail stores. They provide instant access to your money and are accepted worldwide. In a credit card, users actually borrow money that is made available to him by a bank or other financial institution. The institution pays the debt to the vendor, and in turn, cardholder has to pay the money back to the bank. By signing up for a credit card, you agree to pay back the money that you borrowed, in addition to any interest drawn on the amount you borrowed. 2. 2 ATM 2. 2. 1 what is an ATM An Automated Teller Machine (ATM) is a tool, which allows customers of a bank to perform banking transactions at any time from anywhere. By using a smart card in the machine customers of a bank can withdraw money from their current account (if permitted by the bank from savings account), transfer funds, pay utility bills even take credit from the bank. The most attractive site of this ATM is it gives a user 24 hours banking facility, which is totally hassle free and user friendly. 2. 2. 2 Invention of ATM As is often the case with inventions, many inventors contribute to the history of an invention. In the case of the ATM, Don Wetzel invented the first successful and modern ATM in the USA, however he as not first inventor to create an ATM. In 1939, Luther George Simjian started patenting an earlier and not-so-successful version of an ATM. Don Wetzel was the co-patentee and chief conceptualist of the automated teller machine At the time (1968) Wetzel was the Vice President of Product Planning of a company named Docutel. The other two inventors listed on the patent were Tom Barnes, the chief mechanical engineer and George Chastain, the electrical engineer. It took five million dollars to develop the ATM. The concept of the modern ATM first began in 1968, a working prototype came about in 1969 and Docutel was issued a patent in 1973. The first working ATM was installed in Rockville Center, New York Chemical Bank. The ATM they first created was a cash dispenser only. These were off-line machines; meaning money was not automatically withdrawn from an account. The bank accounts were not connected by a computer network to the ATM. Therefore, banks were at first very exclusive about who they gave ATM privileges to. Giving them only to credit card holders (credit cards were used before ATM cards) with good banking records. Wetzel, Barnes and Chastain developed the first real ATM cards, cards with a magnetic strip and a personal ID number to get cash. ATM cards had to be different from credit cards (then without magnetic strips) so account information could be included. The next version that was created in 1971, which is the ATM we all know today. 2. 2. 3 Features and parts of ATM An ATM contains many parts. ATM can differ from one to another because many companies are producing ATM this days and the technology they use differs. The ATM has mainly 2 input devices and 4 output devices. Descriptions of these two types of devices are as follows. 2. 2. 3. 1 Input device Card reader: The card reader captures the account information stored on the microprocessor chip and magnetic stripe on the ATM/debit or credit card. The host processor uses this information to route the transaction to the cardholder’s bank. Keypad: The keypad lets the cardholder tell the bank what kind of transaction is required (cash withdrawal, balance inquiry, etc. ) and for what amount. In some of the machines the screen can be also used to enter data instead of the keypad. This type of screens is called Touch Screen. Also, the ATM requires the cardholders personal identification number (PIN) for verification. For better security PIN block is sent to the host processor in encrypted form. 2. 2. 3. 2 Output device Display screen: The display screen prompts the cardholder through each step of the transaction process. Leased-line machines commonly use a monochrome or colour CRT (cathode ray tube) display. Dial-up machines commonly use a monochrome or colour LCD. [pic] Receipt printer: The receipt printer provides the cardholder with a paper receipt of the transaction. Cash dispenser: The heart of an ATM is the safe and cash-dispensing mechanism. The entire bottom portion of most small ATMs is a safe that contains the cash. The cash dispenser mechanism has an electric eye that counts each bill as it exits the dispenser. The bill count and all of the information pertaining to a particular transaction is recorded in a journal. Besides the electronic eye that counts each bill, the cash dispensing mechanism also has a sensor that evaluates the thickness and the size of each bill. If two bills are stuck together, then instead of being dispensed to the cardholder they are diverted to a reject bin. The same thing happens with a bill that is excessively worn or torn, or is folded. The number of reject bills is also recorded so that the machine owner can be aware of the quality of bills that are being loaded into the machine. Speaker: The speaker provides the cardholder with auditory feedback when a key is pressed. 3. 0 Q-cash: How the system works 3. 1 A brief overview of the Q-cash consortium To run the Shared ATM Network all over Bangladesh, all the member banks formed a consortium known as Q-Cash consortium. The Q-cash consortium has a total number of ten (10) leading Banks in Bangladesh. These banks together have build up an extensive ATM network in Dhaka, Chittagong Sylhet in first phase. In phase two other regions will be added in the shared ATM Network, 100 150 more ATMs will be installed all over Bangladesh very soon. Q-Cash is a common card for all member banks in the Consortium and ITC is providing all the technical and management supports. The names of the 10 banks are [pic] Currently 18 ATMs are installed in Dhaka and Chittagong. The locations of these ATMs are as follows. |ATM Service Locations | |Dhaka | |Uttara Branch, AB Bank Ltd. Uttara branch, The City Bank Ltd. | |Uttara Branch, IFIC Bank Ltd. |Gulshan Branch, AB Bank Ltd. | |Gulshan Branch, The City bank Ltd. |Mohakhali Branch, AB Bank Ltd. | |Dhanmondi Branch, AB Bank Ltd. |Mina Bazar, Dhanmondi | |Kakrail Branch, AB Bank Ltd. |Principal Branch, AB Bank Ltd. | |Principal Branch, Mercantile Bank |Janata Bhaban, Janata Bank | |Federation Branch, IFIC Bank |Shantinagar Branch, IFIC Bank | |Jiban Bima Bhaban, The City Bank Ltd. Dhanmondi, IFIC Bank | |Chittagong | |Agrabad Branch, AB Bank Ltd. |CDA Avenu e, AB Bank Ltd. | 3. 2 About ITC ITC or Information Technology Consultants Limited works as the server or as an Internet Service Provider (ISP) or the host in the shared ATM network. ITC is the company which brought the Q-cash system first in Bangladesh . It is a sister concern of Envoy Group. Originally it was introduced by a foreign organization named â€Å"Gemplus†. They are providing the smart card, ATMs and all the technical and management supports of the Q-cash consortium. . 3 Network system of q-cash All the locations of these ten banks and POS centres that have Q-cash are joined together by two kinds of networking relationship. These networking functions are performed for withdrawals of cash from the account, to get account information, pay the utility bills and transactions through POS. These two types of networking relationship are 1) Offline relationship and 2) Online relationship Offline relationship with Q-cash system is used for POS and the utility bill paying a nd the online relationship with the system is used for withdrawal of cash and other activities concerning the users account. . 3. 1 Offline relationship An offline relationship is the part of the networking system were the transactions are not connected to the server of the ATM host. This offline relationship can be found on the POS system. POS means Point Of Sales. In this system a Q-cash cardholder can buy products from the shops, which is connected with the host computer. Using their q-cash card the user will pay his bills by inserting his card in a small machine. The machine is capable of reading the memory chip in the card. As the account information of the user is already in the card the machine can authenticate the user and the amount of money the user has on his account. This entire process has no connection with the server or with the bank of the user. 3. 3. 2 online relationship Online relationship is the part of the network that is done completely by online with the help of the ATM host. The host processor may be owned by a bank or financial institution, or an independent service provider may own it. All the controlling branches of the banks have an online relationship with the host. Host connects the ATMs of different locations with the banks of the network. To maintain the connections between the ATMs Banks and POS the host uses different types of communication media. Most host processors can support either leased-line or dial-up machines. Leased-line machines connect directly to the host processor through a four-wire, point-to-point, dedicated telephone line. Dial-up ATMs connect to the host processor through a normal phone line using a modem and a toll-free number, or through an Internet service provider using a local access number dialled by modem. Leased-line ATMs are preferred for very high-volume locations because of their thru-put capability, and dial-up ATMs are preferred for retail merchant locations where cost is a greater factor than thru-put. DDN technology is a new one in modern online banking. It is a kind of digital connection, which performs better than the leased line connections. Usually these sorts of connections relate the host and the ATMs. The most effective feature of DDN is to transfer data at a higher speed than that of leased lines or the Dial-up lines. This is how ATM networks become available to the cardholder (the person wanting the cash). [pic] . 3. 2. 1 Techniques of the online relationship followed by ITC In online connection the members of the Q-cash consortium is connected with ITC (host) by simple dialup connection. They connect the host processor or the ITC through a normal phone line using a modem and a toll-free number. ITC is connected with the ATMs and POS terminals of different places all o ver the country by leased line, DDL, Satellite connection, Radio link, Dial-up connection. These various types of communication facilities are used because the telecommunication infrastructure of Bangladesh is very weak. So if one system is collapsed the other will work. But mainly the DDL is used for communicate with the ATMs (provided by Bangladesh Tar and Telephone Board), Dial-up connection is used for to communicate with POS terminals and the banks, satellite for overseas connection with banks and radio link for remote places. When a user of a bank inserts his ATM card in the ATM and enters his PIN the ATM directly connects with the host ITC for authentication. In the authentication process the host (ITC) checks the security pin and performs the other security checking’s. If the user of the card is authorised host connects the ATM with the users bank server. In the process, the server of the bank checks the account and adjusts the balance. This is called authorization. The server of the bank performs the action by using a system called core-banking software. If a server of bank does not have the core banking software, they inform ITC the numerical position of the account of all their Q-cash cardholders via dial-up connection. Thus ITC always gets the numerical information on the account position of the customers of the bank. In this case the host (ITC) does the work of both authentication and authorization. 3. 3. 2. 2 Automated clearing house (ACH) ACH is short for automated clearing house. This bank terminology means that a person or business is authorizing another person or business to draft on an account. When a cardholder wants to do an ATM transaction via POS, he or she provides the necessary information by means of the card reader and keypad. The card reader forwards this information to ITC via Dial-up connection. Which routes the transaction request to the cardholders bank that issued the card. If the cardholder is requesting to pay, the host (ITC) processor causes electronic funds transfer to take place from the customers bank account to the host processors account. The processor then ACHs the cardholders funds into the merchants bank account. In this way, the merchant is reimbursed for all funds dispensed by the ATM. An independent ATM host can access any bank. It also supports a large number of ATMs placed with different merchants. So when the user authorises to pay the cash, the money moves electronically from users account to the hosts account to the merchants account. [pic] [pic] [pic] 3. 4 Security Q-cash is fully secured. The main concept of the security process of Q-cash system is any cardholder can only carry out transaction on Q-cash ATMs with a Personal Identification Number (PIN) . If a person loses his card others cannot use it that because transactions cannot be done without the PIN. The Q-cash smart card is a PIN protected card with DES, 3DES function to ensure security. DES is an encryption algorithm used to protect sensitive data – in this case the PIN. The DES algorithm uses a 56-bit key length; 3DES specifies three rounds of encryption, effectively increasing the key length to 168 bits. Q-cash smart card is also EMV compatible. 3. 5 Future prospects of Q-cash Since it is made with hybrid technology, it can read or write any kind of data. So, in the near future it can be used as voter id, club, insurance, driving or even national identity card. More updated security system is getting included in the card, so the user will have more security. New features of banking are getting included in it and the users will get the latest banking feature by using it. 4. 0 Conclusion Q-Cash service is getting popular day by day in our country. More banks are getting themselves included in the network. All the cards will be converted into smart card till 2006 and we are getting it in right now. It has the potential to be utilized in a greater aspect. So, it has given a new dimension in the banking sector in Bangladesh. Appendix Definition of terms There are some unfamiliar terms that were not described in the discussion. So, the definitions of terms are given below alphabetically. ATM (Automated Teller Machine) – the machine that provides the users to deposit or to withdrawal money. ACH (Automated clearing house) a centralized and computerized system for setting indebtedness between members. BTTB(Bangladesh Tar and Telephone Board) It is a government service for nationwide telecommunication. Card reader – a device of ATM machine that gathers the account information stored on the magnetic stripe on the back of a Q-Cash card. CRT (cathode ray tube) – the most common type of monitor used in the office and home is CRT. CRT is similar in size and technology to television. Credit card – a car through which a person can buy things on credit. DDN (digital data network) – a digital data network provided by in order to connect to the ISP host. Dispenser – the path trough which cash is dispensed from ATM. ISP (internet service provider) – the organization that provides Internet service. Keypad – the input device by which the cardholder tells the ATM the nature, the amount of the transaction and the pin. LCD (liquid crystal display) – LCD monitor use the technology that involves liquid crystals. It is much thinner then CRTs. Modem The device that helps the user to connect his computer to some sorts of networking system. Offline relationship – all the branches of any of the ten banks that manually connect with their card issuing branch. Online relationship all the branches of any of the ten banks that connect with their card issuing branch by a host processor to work in online. Pin – the secret code to access into the account of a cardholder to perform account related functions. Receipt printer The device that provide a cardholder with a paper receipt of the transaction. Server – the part of Internet system that stores information files that are used to display pages of information. Speaker – the device provides the cardholder auditory feedback when a key is pressed. Sensor – a device of ATM that evaluates the thickness of each bill. Bibliography Interviews Md. Wajid Ahmed Project leader (Q-Cash EMV) IT Consultants Limited Md. Faizul Islam System Engineer Q-cash Processing System IT Consultants Limited Interview on September 4, 2004 Newspaper articles The Daily star â€Å"Local private it firm plans shared ATMs for Bangladesh† April 25, 2001 Prothom Alo â€Å"It consultant is providing different kind of ATMs for banks† April 25, 2001 Dainik Jugantor â€Å"24 hour Q-Cash card is getting started† July 14, 2002 Websites http://www. itclbd. com http://www. howstuffworks. com http://www. thecitybank. com http://www. pubalibangla. com http://www. mutualtrustbank. com http://www. mblbd. com http://www. janatabank-bd. com http://www. abbankonline. com http://www. ebl-bd. com http://www. ificbankbd. com http://www. nccbank-bd. com http://www. jamunabankbd. com